Effects of propiconazole on physiological and biochemical properties of Panax notoginseng and dietary risk assessment / 中国中药杂志

To study the residue and dietary risk of propiconazole in Panax notoginseng and the effects on physiological and bioche-mical properties of P. notoginseng, we conducted foliar spraying of propiconazole on P. notoginseng in pot experiments. The physiolo-gical and biochemical properties studied included leaf damage, osmoregulatory substance content, antioxidant enzyme system, non-enzymatic system, and saponin content in the main root. The results showed that at the same application concentration, the residual amount of propiconazole in each part of P. notoginseng increased with the increase in the times of application and decreased with the extension of harvest interval. After one-time application of propiconazole according to the recommended dose(132 g·hm~(-2)) for P. ginseng, the half-life was 11.37-13.67 days. After 1-2 times of application in P. notoginseng, propiconazole had a low risk of dietary intake and safety threat to the population. The propiconazole treatment at the recommended concentration and above significantly increased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content, relative conductivity, and osmoregulatory substances and caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in P. notoginseng leaves. The propiconazole treatment at half(66 g·hm~(-2)) of the recommended dose for P. ginseng significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in P. notoginseng leaves. The propiconazole treatment at 132 g·hm~(-2) above inhibited the activities of glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione S-transferase(GST), thereby reducing glutathione(GSH) content. Proconazole treatment changed the proportion of 5 main saponins in the main root of P. notoginseng. The treatment with 66 g·hm~(-2) propiconazole promoted the accumulation of saponins, while that with 132 g·hm~(-2) and above propiconazole significantly inhibited the accumulation of saponins. In summary, using propiconazole at 132 g·hm~(-2) to prevent and treat P. notoginseng diseases will cause stress on P. notoginseng, while propiconazole treatment at 66 g·hm~(-2) will not cause stress on P. notoginseng but promote the accumulation of saponins. The effect of propiconazole on P. notoginseng diseases remains to be studied.

Common diseases and drug use characteristics of Chinese herbal medicines and suggestions / 中国中药杂志

Based on the data of 56 kinds of diseases and drug use in 100 kinds of cultivated Chinese herbal medicines, this paper used frequency analysis method to count the types of diseases and their drug use characteristics, and systematically analyzed the status of drug registration and monitoring standards for disease prevention and control of Chinese herbal medicines. The results showed that 14 diseases such as root rot, powdery mildew, and drooping disease were common in the production of Chinese herbal medicines. Among the 99 pesticides reported, 67.68% were chemically synthesized, 23.23% were biological pesticides, and 9.09% were mineral pesticides. Among the reported pesticides, 92.93% of them were low toxic, with relative safety. However, 70% of the production drugs were not registered in Chinese herbal medicines, and the phenomenon of overdose was serious. The current pesticide residue monitoring standards does not match well with production drugs in China. Although the matching degree between Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticide in Food Safety National Standard(GB 2763-2021) and production drugs is more than 50%, there are few varieties of Chinese herbal medicines covered. The matching degree between Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), Green Industry Standard of Medicinal Plants and Preparations(WM/T2-2004), and production drugs is only 1.28%. It is suggested to speed up the research and registration of Chinese herbal medicine production and further improve the pesticide residue limit standard combined with the actual production, so as to promote the high-quality development of Chinese herbal medicine industry.

Determination of eight high polar pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry / 环境与职业医学

Background The production and consumption of high polar pesticides in China are the largest in the world. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a method with fast analysis, large flux, and high accuracy to determine the residues of these pesticides in food. Objective To establish a method for the determination of eight highly polar pesticides [chlormequat, paraquat, difenzoquat, cyromazine, propamocarb, glyphosate, (aminomethyl)-phosphonic acid, and glufosinate] in vegetables and fruits by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods After comparing various types of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns, and optimizing pH value and buffer concentration of mobile phase, effective chromatographic retention and separation of selected eight pesticides were achieved. Based on the optimization of mass spectrometry under chromatographic conditions, a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) channel of target compounds was established. In the sample pretreatment, through optimization of water content, extraction solvent, and purification method, a final MRM mode of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection, and the isotope internal standard method was used for quantification. The accuracy and the precision of the method were evaluated using recovery and relative standard deviation. The established method was applied to detect 57 samples of retail vegetables and fruits to investigate the adaptability of the proposed method and the residual levels of selected high polar pesticides. Results For positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI+) detection, we chose Sielc Obelisc R as chromatographic column, and 20 mmol·L−1 ammonium formate solution (pH=3±0.05) and acetonitrile as mobile phase; for negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI−) detection, we chose Shodex Asahipak NH2P-50 2D as chromatographic column, and 5 mmol·L−1 ammonium acetate solution (pH=11±0.05) and acetonitrile as mobile phase to obtain good chromatographic separation and peak shape. Under the optimal conditions of sample water content standardization, using 2% acidified methanol as extraction solvent, and C18 dispersed solid phase extraction purification, the linearity ranges of five analytes (chlormequat, paraquat, difenzoquat, cyromazine, and propamocarb) and three analytes [glyphosate, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, and glufosinate] were 1.00-100 μg·L−1 and 5.00-500 μg·L−1 (both correlation coefficients>0.999) respectively, the detection limits were 0.002-0.010 mg·kg−1, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005-0.025 mg·kg−1. At three spiked levels (LOQ, 2LOQ, and 5LOQ), the recoveries were in the range of 85.3%–113.2%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.5%–9.5% (n=6). Three target pesticides (chlormequat, cyromazine, and propamocarb) were detected in 57 samples of retail vegetables and fruits, and the residue of chlormequat in cowpea exceeded the maximum residue limit. Conclusion The established method of HILIC combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotopic internal standard quantification has the characteristics of simplicity, stability, and easy operation, which is suitable for rapid screening and quantitative detection of selected eight high polar pesticide residues in large quantities of vegetables and fruits, and provides technical support for monitoring and risk assessment of high polar pesticide residues.

Current status of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits and progress in risk assessment / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To review the status of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits and the progress of risk assessment, and to provide data support for pesticide residue research, residents' dietary exposure risks and safety risk management. Methods Domestic and international literature and research data available are reviewed and analyzed. Results This article mainly reviews the literature on the investigation of current status of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. It also discusses several methods and models that have been widely employed in the dietary exposure risk assessment of pesticide residues worldwide. Conclusion Pesticide residues have been frequently reported in vegetables and fruits, mainly including organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticide residues. The relevant risk assessment results indicate that different groups of people, especially those with high exposure, have cumulative dietary exposure risks to pesticides in vegetables and fruits. Although most pesticide residues have been detected at low concentrations in vegetables and fruits, they have potential toxicity risks and require continuous attention.

Exposição infantil aos agrotóxicos: avaliação de alimentos representativos da dieta de crianças do município do Rio de Janeiro / Children's exposure to pesticides: evaluation of food representatives of children's diets in the city of Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO Alimentação adequada durante os primeiros anos de vida é fundamental para a saúde e tem repercussões em todos os ciclos da vida do indivíduo. Diversos trabalhos científicos associam efeitos nocivos à saúde com exposição aos agrotóxicos. Foram avaliados 312 agrotóxicos em alimentos comumente presentes na dieta infantil, selecionados a partir do cardápio do programa de alimentação escolar da educação infantil do município do Rio de Janeiro. A seleção dos alimentos baseou-se na frequência de consumo conforme os cardápios semanais da rede municipal de ensino. A análise multirresíduos por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas sequencial em 145 amostras (leite, cereais infantis, banana, maçã, mamão, laranja, feijão e arroz) identificou 426 detecções de 53 agrotóxicos diferentes. Mais de 68% das amostras apresentaram múltiplos resíduos de agrotóxicos. Com os resultados, foi estimada a exposição da população infantil aos resíduos encontrados, indicando potencial risco à saúde das crianças, que precisa ser uma preocupação prioritária da saúde pública. É necessário verificar os impactos toxicológicos do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde infantil, ampliar a aquisição de alimentos orgânicos pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e fortalecer a agroecologia com incentivos e políticas pública, buscando proteção e promoção da saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Adequate nutrition in the first years of life is a fundamental requirement for health and affects all life cycles of the individual. Several scientific studies associate exposure to pesticides with adverse effects to health. A total of 312 pesticides residues were evaluated in common foods from children's diets, selected from the infancy school feeding program menu in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The selection of food was based on the frequency of consumption according to the weekly menus of the municipal school system. Multiresidue pesticide analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry in 145 samples (milk, infant cereal, banana, apple, papaya, orange, beans and rice) identified 426 detections of 53 different pesticides. More than 68% of the samples had multiple pesticide residues. Based on the results, was estimated the exposure of children to residues that were detected, indicating a potential risk to children's health, which needs to be a priority public health concern. It is necessary to verify the toxicological impacts of the use of pesticides on children's health, to expand the acquisition of organic foods by the School Feeding National Program, and to strengthen agroecology with incentives and public policies, aiming at the protection and promotion of collective health.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Lonicera Japonica Flos / 中国中药杂志

Lonicera Japonica Flos is the dried bud or nascent flower of Lonicera japonica(Caprifoliaceae). The plant suffers from various diseases and pests in the growth period and thus pesticides are often used. As a result, the resultant pesticide residues in Lonicera Japonica Flos have aroused great concern. This review summarized the investigation, detection methods, content analysis, and risk assessment of pesticide residues in Lonicera Japonica Flos since 1996, and compared the maximum residue limits among different countries and regions. The results showed that the pesticide residues were detected in Lonicera Japonica Flos from different production areas, and only some exceeded the limits. The residual pesticides have changed from organochlorines to new types such as tebuconazole and nitenpyram. The detection method has upgraded from chromatography to chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most pesticide residues will not cause health risks, except carbofuran. Pesticide residues limit the development of Lonicera Japonica Flos industry in China. In practice, we should improve the drug registration of Lonicera Japonica Flos, promote ecological prevention and control technology, and formulate and promote pesticide residue limit standard of Lonicera Japonica Flos.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Angelicae Sinensis Radix / 中国中药杂志

The demand for Angelicae Sinensis Radix, the dry root of Angelica sinensis, has been increasing year by year. However, the continuous cropping obstacles, frequent occurrence of pests and diseases, overuse of chemical pesticides, excessive pesticide residues and other problems in Angelicae Sinensis Radix production have attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the common diseases and pests attacking Angelica sinensis as well as the detection methods and characteristics of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from 2002 to 2021. Additionally, we compared the limit standards of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix in and out of China and put forward suggestions for the high-quality and green development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry conside-ring the existing problems. The pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have been changing from organochlorines to organophosphorus pesticides. In recent years, some organophosphorus pesticides such as phorate, phoxim, isofenphos-methyl, phorate-sulfoxide, fenamiphos, isocarbophos, omethoate, and triazophos in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have seriously exceeded the standards. The detection methods of pesticide residues has evolved from chromatography to high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and some new detection techniques such as immunoassay have also been applied. Pesticide residues have become a primary factor that restricting the development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry. Therefore, moderate application of pesticides, establishment of ecological planting system, and strict limit standards of pesticide residues are necessary to solve the pesticide residue problem.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

Panax notoginseng is a perennial Chinese medicinal plant, which has serious continuous cropping obstacles and is prone to a variety of diseases and insect pests during the growth process. At present, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is mainly carried out through chemical pesticides, and the consequent pesticide residues of P. notoginseng have attracted much attention. This study reviewed the types and detection methods of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng from 1981 to 2021, and compared the limits of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng in China and abroad to provide a reference for rational application of pesticides in P. notoginseng and quality control of medicinal materials, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the P. notoginseng industry in China. Currently, there are only 40 published papers on pesticide residues of P. notoginseng, which is indicative of a serious problem of insufficient research. At present, hundreds of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng can be detected simultaneously by using chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticides detected have gradually changed from early prohibited ones, such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT), benzene hexachloride(BHC), and parathion, to low toxic ones(e.g., dimethomorph, procymidone, propicona-zole, and difenoconazole). The dietary risk from pesticide residues in P. notoginseng is low, which would not cause harm to consu-mers. This study concluded that in the future, the development of the quality standard for pesticide residues of P. notoginseng should be actively carried out. To increase the pesticides used in actual production in the quality standard based on the existing ones and to guide farmers to use pesticides scientifically will be the focus of future work.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix / 中国中药杂志

Panacis Quinquefolii Radix is the dry root of Panax quinquefolium, which is a perennial plant of Araliaceae. The plant has a long growth cycle and serious growth barrier problem, which leads to the use of pesticides. As a result, the pesticide residues in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix are arousing great concern. This paper reviews the research findings on the investigation, detection methods, content analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residues in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix since 1993, and compares the pesticide residue limit standards of different countries and regions. The pesticide residues in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix have been changing from organochlorines with high toxicity to triazines and triazoles with low toxicity. The pesticide residues are generally low, while the pollution of pentachloronitrobenzene and other pesticides still exist. The detection method has evolved from chromatography to chromatography-mass spectrometry. There are no reports of health risks caused by pesticide residues of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. Pesticide residue is a major factor restricting the sound development of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix industry in China. Therefore, we suggest to improve the registration of pesticides applied to the plant, popularize mature ecological planting mode and supporting technology, and strengthen the research on the risk assessment and limit standard of pesticide residue in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panax ginseng / 中国中药杂志

Panax ginseng, a perennial herb, is prone to diseases and insect pests in the growth process, which are primarily prevented and treated by pesticides. However, due to the lack of standardization in the types, frequencies, and doses of pesticides, pesticide residues have become the main exogenous pollutants of P. ginseng. To explore the risk of pesticide residues in P. ginseng, this paper summarized and analyzed the common pesticide residues in P. ginseng, detection techniques, and pesticide residue limit stan-dards based on the published literature in recent years. The results revealed that the main pesticide residues in P. ginseng were organochlorine pesticides, such as tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene, and the detection techniques were dominated by gas chromatography(GC), liquid chromatography(LC), or those combined with mass spectrometry(MS). Because of the long half-life and difficulty in degradation, organochlorine pesticides have become the main factor affecting the export of P. ginseng. It is worth mentioning that P. ginseng has been classified as food in Japan, South Korea, the European Union, and other countries, and the standards of pesticide residues and limits are stricter than those in China. The quality and safety of P. ginseng are prerequisites for the efficacy of Chinese medicine and the development of traditional Chinese medicine. The formulation of scientific and effective standards for pesticide application and limits would promote the high-quality development of the P. ginseng industry.

Pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials and suggestions for safety / 中国中药杂志

The present study counted the frequency of detection technologies and monitoring frequency of pesticide species by frequency analysis based on the 28 258 pieces of data on pesticide content of Chinese medicinal materials in CNKI, calculated the detection rate and exceeding rate of different types of pesticides, and systematically analyzed the pesticide residue pollution of Chinese medicinal materials. The results showed that there were 40 types of pesticides with detection rates higher than 10%, where new pesticides such as organochlorines and nicotine accounted for 55%, and organic phosphorus, pyrethroids, and carbamates accounted for 17.5%, 15.0%, and 12.5%, respectively. Seventeen types of pesticides exceeded the standard to varying degrees, including 12 types(70.59%) with exceeding rates not higher than 5%, four types(23.53%) with exceeding rates in the range of 5%-10%, and one type(5.88%) with an exceeding rate higher than 10%. As revealed by the analysis results of the past five years, the pesticide residue pollution of Chinese medicinal materials showed a downward trend. Compared with the conditions at worst, organochlorines decreased by about 2/3 in detection rate and 47.23% in exceeding rate, carbamates by about 1/2 in detection rate and 10.78% in exceeding rate, organic phosphorus by 3/4 in detection rate and 7.22% in exceeding rate, pyrethroids by 1/2 in detection rate and 11.05% in exceeding rate, and other types by about 1/2 in detection rate but not exceeded the standard. In general, pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials and safety have been significantly improved. However, pesticide residues are still important factors affecting the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials. It is suggested to further improve the control standards of pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials, strengthen the monitoring of pesticides used in practical production, and promote the ecological planting mode to facilitate the high-quality development of the Chinese medicinal material industry.

Plaguicidas en alimentos: riesgo a la salud y marco regulatorio en Veracruz, México / Pesticide residues in food: health risk and regulation in Veracruz, Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de residuos de plaguicidas en alimentos del estado de Veracruz, así como evaluar el riesgo para la salud humana debido a su consumo. Material y métodos: Se midieron las concentraciones de residuos de plaguicidas en productos vegetales y se compararon con los valores establecidos como límites de seguridad en el marco regulatorio del uso de plaguicidas. Se calculó el cociente de peligro y sus posibles efectos a la salud. Resultados: El 14.8% de las muestras excedieron la concentración permitida. Se detectaron plaguicidas prohibidos (metamidofos, monocrotofos, triazofos y clorpirifos) que superaron las dosis de referencia establecidas, lo que pone en riesgo de sufrir posibles efectos a la salud del tipo neurológico, hepatotóxico y alteraciones endocrinas a la población. Conclusiones: Se encontraron residuos de plaguicidas altamente peligrosos en los alimentos, los cuales están prohibidos por los convenios internacionales ambientales derivado de su potencial para causar efectos a la salud y al medio ambiente, por lo cual es necesario su eliminación. El marco regulatorio de México debe actualizarse y ser dinámico conforme se avance en el conocimiento de los efectos adversos de los plaguicidas en la salud.

Abstract: Objective: Evaluate compliance with the maximum permissible limits for pesticide residues in food in the state of Veracruz, as well as the risk to human health due to its consumption. Materials and methods: The concentration of pesticide residues in plant products were measured for comparison with the values established as safety limits and the regulatory framework for the use of pesticides. The hazard quotient and its possible effect on health were calculated. Results: 14.8% of the samples exceeded the allowed concentration. We found banned pesticides (methamidophos, monochotophos, triazophos and chlorpyrifos) that exceeded the established references dose, which increase the risk of possible neurological, hepatotoxic and endocrine alterations in health. Conclusions: There is the presence of highly hazardous pesticides, which are prohibited by international environmental conventions due to their impact on health and the environment, which is why their elimination is necessary. The regulatory framework in Mexico must be updated and dynamic as the knowledge of the adverse health effects of pesticides advances.

How to improve CHMs quality: Enlighten from CHMs ecological cultivation / 中草药·英文版

Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are one of the important bioresources of medicine, which works by unlocking nature's ability to prevent diseases and recover from illnesses. Recently, it has ascended to the world stage and become a global icon. Nowadays, a considerable of researches have focused on the quality evaluation of CHMs. However, it is difficult to meet the reasonable needs of human beings for safe drug use to evaluate the quality of a huge number of inferior goods for the CHMs contaminated by pesticides and heavy metals. Hence to explore an eligible medicinal plant cultivation pattern, which can provide high quality CHMs sustainably, is most promising. This review analyzed the situation and characteristics of medicinal plant resources in different periods, including wild-harvested and cultivated resources during different stages, putting forward that ecological cultivation must be the way to develop medicinal plant cultivation and to obtain high quality CHMs.

Determinación de plaguicidas organofosforados a trabajadores de control de plagas del estado de Coahuila, México / Determination of organophosphate pesticides to pest control workers of the state of Coahuila, México / Determinação de pesticidas organofosforados para trabalhadores de controle de pragas no estado de Coahuila, México / Détermination des pesticides organophosphorés chez les travailleurs chargés de la lutte antiparasitaire dans lÉtat de Coahuila, Mexique

Resumen Objetivo Determinar el nivel de plaguicidas organofosforados en muestras de orina, con la finalidad de proponer el uso adecuado de medidas de seguridad para reducir riesgos laborales provocados por la constante exposición a estos productos. Materiales y métodos Se realizó una técnica colorimétrica para la determinación de cuatro plaguicidas organofosforados: metamidofos, malatión, clorpirifos y naled, en muestras de orina recolectadas en el estado de Coahuila. Se utilizó un espectrofotómetro ultravioleta visible para su análisis. Resultados Los datos obtenidos en esta investigación mostraron que los cuatro productos analizados se encontraron presentes en las muestras de orina, en un rango de concentraciones de 11.4 a 654.15 μl/ml. Conclusiones Se obtuvieron resultados positivos en las dieciséis muestras de orina, encontrándose presencia de los cuatro plaguicidas organofosforados estudiados, lo que podría indicar una falta de uso de medidas de seguridad en los trabajadores.

Abstract Object To determine the level of organophosphorus pesticides in urine samples, in order to propose the appropriate use of safety measures to reduce occupational hazards caused by constant exposure to these products. Materials and methods A colorimetric technique was used to determine four organophosphorus pesticides: methamidophos, malathion, chlorpyrifos and naled, in urine samples collected in the state of Coahuila. A visible ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used for analysis. Results The data obtained in this investigation showed that the four products analyzed were present in the urine samples, in a concentration range of 11.4 to 654.15 μl / ml. Conclusions Positive results were obtained in the sixteen urine samples, finding presence of the four organophosphorus pesticides studied, which could indicate a lack of use of safety measures in workers.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar o nível de pesticidas organofosforados nas amostras de urina, a fim de propor o uso adequado de medidas de segurança para reduzir os riscos ocupacionais causados pela exposição constante a esses produtos. Materiais e métodos Foi realizada uma técnica colorimétrica para a determinação de quatro pesticidas organofosforados: metamidofós, malatião, clorpirifós e naled, em amostras de urina coletadas no estado de Coahuila. Um espectrofotômetro ultravioleta visível foi utilizado para sua análise. Resultados Os dados obtidos nesta investigação mostraram que os quatro produtos analisados estavam presentes nas amostras de urina, na faixa de concentração de 11,4 a 654,15 μl / ml. Conclusões Resultados positivos foram obtidos nas dezesseis amostras de urina, encontrando a presença dos quatro pesticidas organofosforados estudados, o que pode indicar falta de uso de medidas de segurança nos trabalhadores.

Résumé Objectif Déterminer le niveau de pesticides organophosphorés dans des échantillons d'urine, afin de proposer l'utilisation appropriée de mesures de sécurité pour réduire les risques professionnels causés par une exposition constante à ces produits. Matériels et méthodes Une technique colorimétrique a été utilisée pour déterminer quatre pesticides organophosphorés- méthamidophos, malathion, chlorpyrifos et naled - dans des échantillons d'urine prélevés dans l'État de Coahuila. Un spectrophotomètre à ultraviolet visible a été utilisé pour l'analyse. Résultats Les données obtenues dans cette recherche ont montré que les quatre produits analysés étaient présents dans les échantillons d'urine, dans une fourchette de concentration de 11,4 à 654,15 μl/ml. Conclusions Des résultats positifs ont été obtenus dans les seize échantillons d'urine, révélant la présence des quatre pesticides organophosphorés étudiés, ce qui pourrait indiquer un manque d'utilisation de mesures de sécurité chez les travailleurs.

Determination of 22 pesticide residues in vegetables by QuEChERS - gas chromatography-mass spectromerty / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To establish a method for determination of 22 pesticide residues in vegetables by QuEChERS - gas chromatography-mass spectromerty. Methods The vegetables were extracted by acetonitrile, and purified by QuEChERS after being centrifuged. The sample solution was dried by nitrogen gas. The residues were then dissolved in cyclohexane /acetone (7:3) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with HP-5MS and scanned by select ion scanning mode（SIM）for quantification. Results The separation of the 22 pesticide residues was good, and the linear correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.996. The detection limits were 0.001 mg/kg-0.003 mg/kg. The average recovery rate was in the range of 86.00% to 102.00% with relative standard derivations of 2.10% to 4.30%. Conclusion QuEChERS - gas chromatography-mass spectromerty is a simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate method, which is suitable for the detection of various pesticide residues in vegetables.

Analysis of pesticide residues in commercially available chenpi using a modified QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS determination / 药物分析学报

To ensure the safety of the commercially available chenpi, a convenient and fast analytical method was developed for the determination of 133 pesticide residues in chenpi using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In this study, different extraction solvents, redissolution solvents and adsorbents were tested according to the recovery and purification effect to obtain a modified QuEChERS method. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile. During the clean-up step, octadecyl-modified silica (C18) and graphitized carbon black (GCB) were selected, and aminopropyl (NH2) was used instead of primary secondary amine (PSA) because of its weaker ion exchange capacity which had little effect on the recovery of ditalimfos. Samples were quantified by matrix-matched calibration with internal stan-dards. All pesticides showed good linearity in the respective range, both with values of r2 >0.99. The average recoveries of the pesticides spiked samples ranged from 70.0％ to 112.2％ with the RSDs of 0.2％–14.4％. The modified QuEChERS method was validated and applied to twenty real samples. Five pesticides were found in eight batches, but no pesticide exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL, MRL reference to European commission).

Comparison of Organic and Conventional Food and Food Production Part V: Human Health – Pesticide Residues

The present report is based on data from the 2010 EFSA Report on pesticide residues in food, the Norwegian monitoring programmes 2007-2012 and data from peer reviewed literature and governmental agencies. It is a challenge to perform quantitative estimates and comparative studies of residue levels due to large variation in the measured levels, and the large number of different pesticides present in the samples. Thus, the focus is on the frequency of observed contaminations in relation to regulatory limits and to present examples to illustrate the variation in residue values and number of detected substances. Pesticide residues in conventional and organic products: Of the 12,168 samples (plant- and animal products) in the 2010 EU-coordinated programme, 1.6% exceeded the respective maximum residue level (MRL) values, and 47.7% had measurable residues above the limit of quantification (LOQ), but below or at the MRL. Of the 1168 samples analysed in Norway in 2012 (from both imported and domestic products), 1.9% exceeded MRL and 53% contained measurable pesticide residues. Direct comparison of these values is however not possible, since they contain different types of food samples, and are analysed for a different number of pesticides. When organic and conventional samples from fruit, vegetables and other plant products in the 2010 EU-coordinated programme were compared, 4.2% of the conventional and 1.0% of the organic samples exceeded the MRL values, while 43.2% of the conventional and 10.8% of the organic samples had measurable residues below or at the MRL value. Most of the pesticide residues detected in organic samples are not permitted for use in organic farming. Of the 624 organic samples analysed in Norway 2007 - 2012, 0.2% (one sample) had residues exceeding MRL, while measurable residues were detected in 1.8% of the samples (11 samples). Conventional products were often found to contain different pesticides while most organic samples were found to contain few or only one type of pesticide. Lack of data on pesticide residue levels of organic samples in the EU-coordinated programme, and few Norwegian samples do not allow for a quantitative comparison of pesticide residue levels in organic and conventional samples. Comparative estimation of pesticide residues faces a number of challenges and uncertainties. However, it seems unquestionable based on available data that organic plant products contain fewer and substantially lower amounts of pesticide residues than conventional products. Health risk associated with pesticide residues: The general level of pesticide residues in both conventional and organic food is low, and well below what is likely to result in adverse health effects. This conclusion is based on the comparison of estimated dietary exposure with toxicological reference values i.e. acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chronic effects, and acute reference dose (ARfD) for acute effects. The finding of pesticide residues that exceeds established regulatory limits in a minority of tested samples is not considered to represent a health risk. When dietary exposure that was estimated in six different food commodities in the 2010 EUcoordinated programme was compared with their relevant reference values, EFSA concluded that for 79 of 18243 conventionally grown fruit and vegetable samples, a short-term acute consumer health risk could not be excluded. The conclusion was based on the exceeding of ARfD. None of these 79 samples were organic. It is important to also consider that the exceeding of the acute reference value only occurred in 0.4% of the samples and that the scenario used for acute intake assessment is conservative, suggesting that the toxicological implications are limited. This is also reflected in the chronic exposure assessment, where none of the samples were found to exceed the toxicological reference value ADI. Dietary exposure assessments on the basis of Norwegian samples of apples, tomatoes, carrots, strawberries and lettuce did not show an exceeding of any toxicological reference value. Combined exposure and cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues: No generally accepted methodology is at present established for cumulative risk assessment of combined exposure to pesticide residues. Available data suggest however that combined exposure is not likely to result in increased human health risk.

Risk assessment of pesticide residues in domestic ginsengs / 中国中药杂志

The study aims at taking risk assessment of pesticide residues in ginseng and high risk pesticides were picked up in order to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of maximum residue limits(MRLs) for pesticides in ginseng. Residues of 246 pesticides in 80 ginseng samples collected from different place were detected by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS method. Acute and chronic intake risks were evaluated by using deterministic approach, and the matrix ranking developed by the Veterinary Residues Committee of the United Kingdom was referred to assess risk score of pesticides. The 25 kinds of pesticide residues were detected in ginseng samples, the detection rate of quintozene(PCNB) was 78%, which was the most frequently detectable pesticide. The chronic dietary intake risks of 25 pesticide residues expressed as %ADI were 0.00%-2.6%, and their acute dietary intake risks expressed as %ARfD were 0.00%-104.2%. Among them the acute dietary intake risks of PCNB was 104%,which was the highest. The 25 pesticides were divided into 3 groups by risk score, high risk group(4 pesticides), medium risk group(6 pesticides), and low risk group(15 pesticides). Hexachlorobenzene, phorate, PCNB and BHC were classified as high risk group. It is necessary and effective to establish the limit of residual organic chlorine in ginseng from Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition). MRLs for PCNB and hexachlorobenzene in ginseng were proposed to be revised based on the results of risk assessment.

Screening of multiple pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the pesticide residue risk of Jinyinhua Formula Granules( made from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) used in the market preliminarily,20 samples of Jinyinhua Formula Granules from 5 manufactures were collected randomly through the national evaluative sampling test program. Totally 262 pesticides( involving 270 chemical monomers) with monitoring significance to traditional Chinese medicinal materials were detected. Samples were extracted by high speed homogenate with acetonitrile as solvent. And their residues were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. No less than 2 groups of characteristic ion pairs were adopted for qualitative detection,and the calibration curve method was used for quantitative detection. The results showed that 20 pesticides were detected in 20 batches of Jinyinhua Formula Granules,with an average of about 9 pesticides detected in every batch,but no restricted pesticide was detected. The detected pesticides were all at the trace level,which was far lower than the limit of the general food standard. Therefore,the safety risk was low in Jinyinhua Formula Granules. In this study,a screening method for pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules was established for the first time. The method was accurate and rapid,and the detection indicators were highly targeted. The results could provide theoretical reference for the prevention and control of pesticide safety risks in Jinyinhua Formula Granules and even traditional Chinese medicine formula granules.

Modern research on detection technology of exogenous pollutants in Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The residues of exogenous pollutants in Chinese materia medica (CMM) have become an important cause of adverse reactions of CMM, including agricultural/veterinary drug residues, heavy metal contamination, mycotoxin residues, pathogenic microbial contamination and other organic pollutant residues according to their sources. This paper reviews the modern research on inspection objects and detection methods of main exogenous pollutants in CMM, with view to providing reference and basis for supplementing, perfecting and improving the quality and safety system of CMM.